SECOND SEMESTER CHEMISTRY
Organic & General Chemistry
UNIT-I
RecapitulationofBasicsofOrganicChemistry
Carbon-Carbon sigma bonds (Alkanes and Cycloalkanes)
General methods of preparation of alkanes- Wurtz and WurtzFittig reaction, Corey House synthesis, physical and chemical properties of alkanes, Isomerism and its effect on properties, Free radical substitutions; Halogenation, concept of relative reactivity v/s selectivity.Conformational analysis of alkanes (Conformations, relative stability and energy diagrams ofEthane, Propane and butane).General molecular formulae of cycloalkanes and relativestability, Baeyer strain theory, Cyclohexane conformations with energy diagram,Conformations of monosubstituted cyclohexane.
UNIT-II
Carbon-CarbonpiBonds(AlkenesandAlkynes)
Generalmethodsofpreparation,physicaland chemicalproperties.MechanismofE1,E2,E1cbreactions,SaytzeffandHoffmanneliminations, Electrophilic Additions,mechanism(Markownikoff/Antimarkownikoff addition) with suitableexamples,,synandanti-addition;additionofH2,X2, HX. oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation,ozonolysis,hydroxylation, Diels Alderreaction,1,2-and1,4 additionreactionsinconjugateddienes.
Reactionsofalkynes;acidity,electrophilic andnucleophilicadditions,hydrationtoformcarbonyl compounds,Alkylationof terminalalkynes.
UNIT-III
Benzene and its reactivity 12hConcept of aromaticity, Huckel's rule - application to Benzenoid (Benzene, Naphthalene) andNon - Benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenylcation, cyclopentadienyl anion andtropyliumcation)
Reactions - General mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, mechanism of nitration, Friedel- Craft's alkylation and acylation. Orientation of aromatic substitution -ortho, para and meta directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with examples (Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO2 and Phenolic). Orientation of (i) Amino,methoxy and methyl groups (ii) Carboxy, nitro, nitrile, carbonyl and sulphonic acid groups (iii) Halogens
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT-IV
1. Surface chemistry and chemical bonding Surface chemistry Colloids- Coagulation of colloids- Hardy-Schulze rule. Stability of colloids,Protection of Colloids, Gold number.Adsorption-Physical and chemical adsorption, Langmuir adsorption isotherm, applicationsof adsorption.
2. Chemical Bonding Valence bond theory, hybridization, VB theory as applied toClF3,Ni(CO)4, Molecular orbital theory -LCAO method, construction of M.O. diagrams for homo-nuclear and hetero-nucleardiatomic molecules (N2, O2, CO and NO).
3. HSAB :Pearson’s concept, HSAB principle & its importance, bonding in Hard-Hard and Soft-Soft
combinations.
UNIT-V
Stereochemistry of carbon compounds
Molecular representations- Wedge, Fischer, Newman and Saw-Horse formulae.Optical isomerism: Optical activity- wave nature of light, plane polarised light, optical rotation and specific rotation.Chiral molecules- definition and criteria(Symmetry elements)- Definition of enantiomers and diastereomers – Explanation of optical isomerism with examples- Glyceraldehyde, Lactic acid, Alanine, Tartaric acid, 2,3-dibromopentane.D,L, R,S and E,Z- configuration with examples.Definition of Racemic mixture – Resolution of racemic mixtures (any 3 techniques)