FOURTH SEMESTER ZOOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit – I Immunology – I (Overview of Immune system)
1.1 Introduction to basic concepts in Immunology
1.2 Innate and adaptive immunity, Vaccines and Immunization programme
1.3 Cells of immune system
1.4 Organs of immune system
Unit – II Immunology – II (Antigens, Antibodies, MHC and Hypersensitivity)
2.1 Antigens: Basic properties of antigens, B and T cell epitopes, haptens and
adjuvants; Factors influencing immunogenicity
2.2 Antibodies: Structure of antibody, Classes and functions of antibodies
2.3 Structure and functions of major histocompatibility complexes
2.4 Exogenous and Endogenous pathways of antigen presentation and processing
2.5 Hypersensitivity – Classification and Types
Unit – III Techniques
3.1 Animal Cell, Tissue and Organ culture media: Natural and Synthetic media,
3.2 Cell cultures: Establishment of cell culture (primary culture, secondary
culture, types of cell lines; Protocols for Primary Cell Culture);
Modified as Cell c u l t u r e s : primary c u l t u r e , s e c o n d a r y culture, types of
cell lines
Established Cell lines (common examples such as MRC, HeLa, CHO, BHK,
Vero); Organ culture; Cryopreservation of cultures
3.3 Stem cells: Types of stem cells and applications
3.4 Hybridoma Technology: Production & applications of Monoclonal antibodies
(mAb)
Unit – IV Applications of Animal Biotechnology
4.1 Genetic Engineering:Basic concept, Vectors, Restriction Endonucleases and
Recombinant DNA technology
4.2 Gene delivery:Microinjection, electroporation, biolistic method (gene gun),
liposome and viral-mediated gene delivery
4.3 Transgenic Animals: Strategies of Gene transfer; Transgenic - sheep, - fish;
applications
4.4 Manipulation of reproduction in animals: Artificial Insemination, In vitro
fertilization, super ovulation, Embryo transfer, Embryo cloning
Unit - V
5.1. PCR:Basics of PCR.
5.2 DNA Sequencing: Sanger’s method of DNA sequencing- traditional and
automated sequencing
5.3 Hybridization techniques: Southern, Northern and Western blotting
5.4 DNA fingerprinting: Procedure and applications
5.5 Applications in Industry and Agriculture: Fermentation: Different
types of Fermentation and Downstream processing