INTERMEDIATE SECOND YEAR BOTANY SYLLABUS
UNIT-I Plant Physiology
Chapter 1: Transport in Plants Means of Transport- Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion,Passive symports and antiports, Active Transport,Comparison of Different Transport Processes, Plant-Water Relations- Water Potential, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Long Distance Transport of Water- Water
Movement up a Plant, Root Pressure, Transpiration pull,Transpiration- Opening and Closing of Stomata,Transpiration and Photosynthesis, Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients- Uptake of Mineral Ions, Translocation of Mineral Ions, Phloem Transport: Flow from Source to Sink-The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis
Chapter 2: Mineral Nutrition
Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants,Essential Mineral Elements-Criteria for Essentiality,Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Role of Macro- and Micro-nutrients, Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements,Toxicity of Micronutrients, Mechanism of Absorption of
Elements, Translocation of Solutes, Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements, Metabolism of Nitrogen-Nitrogen Cycle, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Nodule Formation
Chapter 3: Enzymes
Chemical Reactions, Enzymatic Conversions, Nature of Enzyme Action, Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity,Temperature and pH, Concentration of Substrate,Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes, Co-factors
Chapter 4: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Early Experiments, Site of Photosynthesis, Pigments
Involved in Photosynthesis, Light Reaction, The Electron Transport-Splitting of Water, Cyclic and Non-
cyclic Photo-phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic Hypothesis,Biosynthetic phase- The Primary Acceptor of CO2, The Calvin Cycle, The C4 Pathway, Photorespiration, Factors affecting Photosynthesis
Chapter 5: Respiration of Plants Cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Aerobic Respiration- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation, The
Respiratory Balance Sheet, Amphibolic Pathway,Respiratory Quotient
Chapter 6: Plant Growth and Development Growth- Plant Growth, Phases of Growth, Growth Rates,
Conditions for Growth, Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation, Development, Plant Growth Regulators- Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators, Auxins, Gibberellins,Cytokinins, Ethylene,Abscisic acid, Seed Dormancy, Photoperiodism,Vernalisation
UNIT II : Microbiology
Chapter 7: Bacteria Morphology of Bacteria, Bacterial cell structure-Nutrition, Reproduction- Sexual Reproduction,Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, The importance of Bacteria to Humans
Chapter 8: Viruses
Discovery, Classification of Viruses, structure ofViruses, Multiplication of Bacteriophages- The Lysogenic Cycle, Viral diseases in Plants, Viral diseases in Humans
UNIT III: Genetics
Chapter 9: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Mendel’s Experiments, Inheritance of one gene
(Monohybrid Cross)-Back cross and Test cross, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation or Law of purity of gametes,Deviations from Mendelian concept of dominance-Incomplete Dominance, Co-dominance, Explanation of the concept of dominance, Inheritance of two genes- Law of
Independent Assortment, Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance, Linkage and Recombination, Mutations-
Significance of mutations.
UNIT IV: Molecular Biology
Chapter 10: Molecular Basis of inheritance The DNA- Structure of Polynucleotide Chain, Packaging of
DNA Helix, The Search for Genetic Material,Transforming Principle, Biochemical Characterisation of
Transforming Principle, The Genetic Material is DNA,Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA), RNA World, Replication-The Experimental Proof, The Machinery and the Enzymes,Transcription-Transcription Unit, Transcription Unit and the Gene, Types of RNA and
the process of Transcription, Genetic Code-Mutations and Genetic Code, tRNA– the Adapter Molecule, Translation,Regulation of Gene Expression-The Lac operon.
UNIT V: Biotechnology
Chapter 11: Principles and processes of Biotechnology Principles of Biotechnology-Construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology-Restriction Enzymes,Cloning Vectors, Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA), Processes of Recombinant DNATechnology- Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA),
Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations, Separation and isolation of DNA fragments, Insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector, Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR, Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host,Cell/Organism, Selection of Transformed host cells,Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product, Downstream Processing
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its applications Biotechnological Applications In Agriculture-Bt
Cotton, Pest Resistant Plants, Other applications of Biotechnology Insulin, Gene therapy, Molecular
Diagnosis, ELISA, DNA fingerprinting, Transgenic plants,Bio-safety and Ethical issues- Biopiracy
UNIT VI: Plants, Microbes and Human welfare
Chapter 13: Strategies for enhancement in food production Plant Breeding- What is Plant Breeding?, Wheat and Rice,Sugarcane, Millets, Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance,Methods of breeding for disease resistance, Mutation,Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests,Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality, Single Cell Protein (SCP), Tissue Culture
Chapter 14: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in Industrial
Products-Fermented Beverages, Antibiotics, Chemicals,Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or Biological treatment, Microbes in Production of Biogas, Microbes as Biocontrol Agents, Biological control of pests and diseases, Microbes as Biofertilisers,Challenges posed by Microbes