FIFTH SEMESTER PHYSICS
Solar Energy and Applications-7B
Unit - I
BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOLAR ENERGY
Spectral distribution of solar radiation, Solar constant , zenith angle and Air-Mass, standard time, local apparent time, equation of time, direct, diffuse and total radiations. Pyrheliometer - working principle, direct radiation measurement, Pyrometer-working Principle, diffuse radiation measurement, Distinction between the two meters.
Unit - II:
SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS
Solar Thermal Collectors-Introduction, Types of Thermal collectors, Flat plate collector – liquid heating type, Energy balance equation and efficiency, Evacuated tube collector, collector overall heat loss coefficient, Definitions of collector efficiency factor, collector heat-removal factor and collector flow factor, Testing of flat-plate collector, solar water heating system, natural and forced circulation types. Concentrating collectors, Solar cookers, Solar dryers, Solar desalinators.
Unit - III:
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR CELLS
Semiconductor interface, Types, homo junction, hetero junction and Schottky barrier, advantages and drawbacks, Photovoltaic cell, equivalent circuit, output parameters, conversion efficiency, quantum efficiency, Measurement of I-V characteristics, series and shunt resistance, their effect on efficiency, Effect of light intensity, inclination and temperature on efficiency
Unit -IV: TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES
Types of solar cells, Crystalline silicon solar cells, I-V characteristics, poly-Si cells, Amorphous silicon cells, Thin film solar cells-CdTe/CdS and CuInGaSe2/CdS cell configurations, structures, advantages and limitations, Multi junction cells – Double and triple junction cells. Module fabrication steps, Modules in series and parallel, Bypass and blocking diodes
Unit – V:
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Energy storage in PV systems, Energy storage modes, electrochemical storage, Batteries, Primary and secondary, Solid-state battery, Molten solvent battery, lead acid battery and dry batteries, Mechanical storage – Flywheel, Electrical storage –Super capacitor